The party tried twice in the early 1980s to develop a program of economic reform, but the parliament and cabinet were hamstrung by the constitutional requirement for a consensus among all the republics. Indiana University Press. Considering Slovenia and Croatia were looking farther ahead to independence, this was considered unacceptable. First, one explanation for the tragic and violent breakup of the country can be called the theory of a ‘democratic deficit’. As the communist states in Eastern Europe weakened, symbolised by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the crisis deepened, and from 1991, the country began to disintegrate along ethnic lines. His personal way of reaching decisions was by negotiating compromises to harmonize conflicting interests.

Both quislings were confronted and eventually defeated by the communist-led, anti-fascist Partisan movement composed of members of all ethnic groups in the area, leading to the formation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 112 Tim Judah, ‘Impasse in Kosovo,’ New York Review of Books, Oct. 8, 1998, pp. Woodward, Susan, L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos & Dissolution after the Cold War, the Brookings Institution Press, Virginia, USA, 1995, p. 200, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, 8th Session of the League of Communists of Serbia, 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Croatian independence referendum held on 2 May 1991, SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem, Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, "Decades later, Bosnia still struggling with the aftermath of war", "Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary", Appeal to the international league of human rights, Jasenovac concentration camp [https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030858/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 Archived, "Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis", "Yugoslav republic jealously guards its gains", "YUGOSLAVIA: KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DEBT CRISIS", "Austerity and Unrest on Rise in Eastern Block", "Yugoslav Police Fight Off A Siege in Provincial City", "Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign", Demographics of Kosovo#1968-1989: Autonomy, "A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former): Political Innovation and the 1974 Constitution (chapter 4)", "Historical Circumstances in Which "The Rally of Truth" in Ljubljana Was Prevented", "Stjepan Mesić, svjedok kraja (I) – Ja sam inicirao sastanak na kojem je podijeljena Bosna", "Stanovništvo prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti i površina naselja, popis 1991. za Hrvatsku", "Svjedoci raspada – Stipe Šuvar: Moji obračuni s njima", "Some legal (and political) considerations about the legal framework for referendum in Montenegro, in the light of European experiences and standards", "THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC", Karadzic and Mladic: The Worlds Most Wanted Men – FOCUS Information Agency, The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: February 29-March 1, 1992, "Leaders propose dividing Bosnia into three areas", Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium, Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&oldid=986071074, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2013, Articles with disputed statements from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from January 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. There was every basis for expecting a Soviet invasion, and Tito prepared for the worst. 78 Mark Danner, ‘Clinton, the U.N. and the Bosnian Disaster,’ New York Review of Books, Dec. 18.1997, p. 74. Jović briefly resigned from the presidency in protest, but soon returned. Despite all this, and although there was much substance to Tito's Yugoslavia, much was illusion too. No real negotiations took place; it was understood that a declaration of independence would simply be issued six months later, in June.55 The JNA did not wait that long, but immediately went on combat readiness. Ironically, the Serbs’ initial arguments against the breakup of Yugoslavia were as logical as the demands of the Slovenians, Croats, Bosniaks, and Kosovars, but their claims were rejected in the public mind abroad because of their military excesses. U.S. Secretary of State James Baker made a quick trip to Belgrade on June 21, 1991 and took the same position as the European organizations, adding that the United States also objected to any use of force to prevent the breakup. —and two autonomous provinces within Serbia.

Whilst supportive of their respective rights to national self-determination, the European Community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence, and reached the Brijuni Agreement on 7 July 1991 (recognized by representatives of all republics). The new deal is for a loose union for three years, after which either republic can opt for independence. Stirrings of nationalist dissent in Croatia and Kosovo were crushed. 18, March 3, 2000. Seeing that the war would soon be over, the Muslims and Croats, who were already winning their battles, pushed through to seize as much territory as possible while the opportunity still existed. 7369796. It would have dissolved Yugoslavia. [66], In 1999 Social Democratic Party of Germany in his May Day speech leader Oskar Lafontaine criticised the role played by Germany in the break up of Yugoslavia, with its early recognition of the independence of the republics. [15][better source needed], Meanwhile, the more prosperous republics of SR Slovenia and SR Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization and democracy. Milosevic clearly wanted to dominate all of the old Yugoslavia, but when he realised that he could not, he switched to another option, that of a Greater Serbia.

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