Famed for its immense wealth, Constantinople endured at least a dozen sieges over its 1,000-plus years as the Byzantine capital. The Sultan’s first act was a warning the Greeks should have heeded. Turkish ships were now rallying and it was soon determined that escape would have to happen now or never.

The name "Istanbul" (sometimes written "Stamboul" by the French) was given to Constantinople when the Ottomans took the town in 1453. Erik Van Thienen. Syria is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, with a rich artistic and cultural heritage. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute ...read more, Israel is small country in the Middle East, about the size of New Jersey, located on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and bordered by Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. In 330 A.D., Constantine established the city that would make its mark in the ancient world as Constantinople, but also would become known by other names, including the Queen of Cities, Istinpolin, Stamboul and Istanbul. Constantinople became a center of the iconoclast controversy after Leo III in 730 outlawed the worshipping of religious icons. Mehmed the Conqueror, the Sultan Mehmet II, wanted to capture Constantinople in 1453, but the city’s defenders fought with all their might.

The settlement, whose earliest known name is Lygos, was founded by Thracian tribes. Built on the site of former imperial churches by Justinian I, it was completed in less than six years by a workforce of 10,000 laborers.
The Eastern Rome (Byzantines) lost its twin sister and it was left alone on the stage of history.

The name Stanpoli, which was given to the city’s center when the city was first built during the Byzantium era, evolved and it began to be called Istanbul. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. Justinian I, who reigned from 527 to 565 A.D., weathered the Nika Revolt early in his tenure and used the occasion to undertake extensive renovations of the city.

In the reign of Justinian I (527–565) medieval Constantinople attained its zenith. The Sultan, the youthful Mehmet II, had sworn to take the city; the Prophet’s words, “They shall conquer Constantinople and glory be to the prince and to the army that shall achieve it,” rang in his ears. This article by Jonathan North first appeared in the Warfare History Network on July 15, 2015.

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Ruins of the once-great metropolis and trading center now serve as an important archeologic site and tourist attraction. Namely, that city had many names throughout history.

Today, Istanbul is one of the cities which had among the highest number of names throughout history. In 1261 Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII (Palaeologus), Greek emperor of Nicaea. The final assault was made on May 29, and, in spite of the desperate resistance of the inhabitants aided by the Genoese, the city fell.

The population of the city was horrified by the arrival of the Sultan’s host.

For a time they held the attackers at bay, but soon the tide of Turks overwhelmed their diminishing defense. Some fighting continued, murky scuffles in side streets or stoic resistance. There was, furthermore, a welcome for Christians, a tolerance of other beliefs, and benevolence toward Jews. The next day the Sultan chose captives he wished to reserve for himself from the multitudes of prisoners assembled before him.

On April 6, their guns, supported by catapults, opened up on the miserable city. The emperors of Byzantium were mere vassals during the following decades of consolidation, before the Turks again turned to conquest in Europe.

These new walls of the early 5th century, built in the reign of Theodosius II, are those that stand today. However, the Roman Empire was divided into two after the death of Emperor Theodosius in 395. They escaped to Candia, arriving there on June 9 and telling lurid tales of the dying hours of the great metropolis: “There had never been and there will never be a more dreadful happening,” wrote one eyewitness.

Stripping down to his underclothes, he swam out into the bloody waters and clambered onboard a Venetian vessel. Constantine’s new city walls tripled the size of Byzantium, which now contained imperial buildings, such as the completed Hippodrome begun by Septimius Severus, a huge palace, legislative halls, several imposing churches, and streets decorated with multitudes of statues taken from rival cities. These Italian groups soon obtained a stranglehold over the city’s foreign trade—a monopoly that was finally broken by a massacre of Italians. The Emperor placed himself where the walls crossed the Lycus valley, opposite the Sultan’s camp and in the center of the city’s defensive perimeter. The galley from Candia, commanded by Zaccaria Grioni had been captured by the Turks but three others from that place, commanded by Venier, Filamati and Galina, did manage to follow us. The concept of the divine right of kings, rulers who were defenders of the faith—as opposed to the king as divine himself—was evolved there.

The name of the city wasn’t changed immediately. The scene was set for the most merciless of sieges. A few fires blazed undisturbed. The chain-mail-clad Greek and Italian defenders, fighting for their lives, sent stones hurtling down into the warriors below or picked off Turks with crossbow bolts.
Impressed by their tenacity, the Turks consented.

Had there been a calm we would all have been seized.”. Constantinople stood as the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 1,100 years, enduring periods of great fortune and horrific sieges, until being overrun by Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI (Palaeologus), was killed in battle.

The siege of the city began in April 1453. The last vestiges of the ancient Roman Empire disappeared with it. Lv 7. The Cretans, still holding out, surrendered on condition they be allowed to depart. The Age of Suleyman the Magnificent. The inevitable end was retarded by the defeat of the Turks at the hands of Timur (Tamerlane) in 1402; but in 1422 the Ottoman sultan of Turkey, Murad II, laid siege to Constantinople. He released some of the nobles and some of Constantine’s ministers, but many noblewomen were assigned to the Sultan’s seraglio. It would be governed by Roman law, observe Christianity and adopt Greek as its primary language, although it would serve as a melting pot of races and cultures due to its unique geographic location straddling Europe and Asia. Hassan was killed, but the defenders were pushed back.

Although few in number, the defenders’ chances were at least augmented by the skill and resourcefulness of their commander, the great Giovanni Giustiniani. But God did not wish for such an abomination to take place yet and at six quiet was restored. While Turkish sailors and soldiers swarmed ashore to partake in the sack of the city, Christian ships were alive with feverish activity. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a Washington Post. Gradually they were forced down to the ground between the inner and outer walls. The emperor also sought to populate the city through offering residents free food rations. Namely, the name Kostantiniyye, a variant of Constantinople, was dominant during the Ottoman period.

Some of the Christians contrived to escape in the confusion. We made our way tentatively out of port and gradually out to sea. After being considerably weakened, Constantinople was officially conquered by the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453, after a 53-day siege.

Passing their Sultan they cheered while he, holding his mace, looked on in the knowledge that should they fail his enterprise would be doomed. Turks turned to run, only to find a cordon of Imperial officers cutting down those who attempted to flee.

On this day in 1930, the name of the city Constantinople was officially changed to Istanbul by Ataturk’s government, which requested all countries to use the Turkish names for their cities. At first they were turned away unheard. The Palace was built on the ancient ruins of the old Greek city Byzantium. Doors were often made of ivory, floors were of mosaic or were covered in costly rugs, and beds and couches were overlaid with precious metals. Along with developing a series of public works, Suleyman transformed the judicial system, championed the arts and continued to expand the empire. Other ships attempted to follow but were intercepted by Turkish vessels that Admiral Hamza Bey had managed to muster.

Istanbul became the capital of a strong empire for the third time. While the early decades of an Ottoman Empire-ruled Constantinople were marked by the transformation of churches into mosques, Mehmed II spared the church of the Holy Apostles and allowed a diverse population to remain. Throughout 1452 the Sultan worked hard marshalling his forces, assuring peace and security in his Asian possessions. Similarly, Basil I (who ruled from 867 to 886 A.D.) launched what became the two-century-long Macedonian dynasty.

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