Many stone monuments erected during the Neolithic period by agriculturalists seem to be aligned to lunar and solar events, and given that many Celtic-speaking people were directly descended from those builders (at least in part) at least some of that knowledge and focus is likely to have been inherited by later generations (see the unit on Ireland below). The image of the sacred tree connecting heaven and earth, often portrayed as standing at the centre of the world, recurs across centuries in Goidelic literature and tradition, and in fact a Goidelic word for tree/wood is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root which associated with the concepts of tree, middle and boundary in numerous Indo-European languages. In addition to these considerations, much of the most important and interesting evidence about Celtic belief systems that we have to work with was affected by contact with Greek, Roman and Christian civilizations.

1 The Greek used was 'planetes aster' which translates to "wandering star".

There are apparent examples of continuity in the iconography of triple figures among the Rémi of northeast Gaul.

The fear that the pillars might collapse and allow the firmament to come crashing down on the earth which could then sink into the sea seems to be echoed in the account of the Celtic warriors who met Alexander the Great. The medieval Christian cosmology placed the heavens in a realm of perfection, derived from Plato's Theory of Forms. Slightly later, phenomena, a consistent structure with order and meaning. the planets call the Almagest. origin of the world. In 1897, a large number of bronze fragments were found near a Gallic-Roman near Coligny, France (about 60 kilometres from the first discovery). The calendar works on the lunar cycle and restarts every five years, attempting to reconcile the twelve lunar months (of 29 or 30 days) with the solar year by inserting two special time periods during the five-year span. The archaeological evidence suggests that activities such as headhunting were not constant in the Iron Age but were subject to political conditions and social contexts (and Strabo tells us that it was practiced by northern peoples generally). There are some examples of triplism in the structure of early Celtic society, such as the division of Gaul into three parts (Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War §1.1), the division of the Galatian peoples into three constituents (Strabo, Geography §12.5 and Pausanias, Description of Greece §10.19.6), equestrian fighting units of three (Pausanias, Description of Greece §10.19.11) and the division of sacred duties into three offices, namely bards, vates and druids (Strabo, Geography §4.4.4).

Eratosthenes succeeded in measuring circumference of Earth in the following The derivation of Celtic words about the universe – themselves inherited from the ancestral Indo-European language, and hence designating similar ideas in Germanic, Romance and Indic languages, for example – give us some insight into the Celtic conception of the universe. Church absorbs Aristotle's or end. scientific understanding is to coordinate our experiences and bring them While adopting most of Aristotle's worldview into Christian thought, his finite Universe was at odds with the Church's idea of God of infinite power. Donn appears to be a pre-Christian deity whose name means “Dark, Dusky, Brown.” This shadowy Irish figure has been connected to Caesar’s statement that the druids taught that the Gauls were descended from the god of the underworld (equivalent to the Roman god Dis Pater): this suggests that the Celts, like many other people, believed that their souls returned to the divine ancestral figure.

With the discoveries of Galileo, and the mathematical formulation of orbits In his poem Pharsalia, Lucan contrasts Roman and Greek teachings about a ghostly, insubstantial life in the underworld with the druidic tenet that after death the soul goes to another realm as real and material as our own which existed somewhere else on this earth. rational is connected with the fact that it is ordered. scientific methods and Ptolemy's model into its own doctrine.

The opposing term for the flat surface of the earth in Proto-Celtic is *albjo from the root *albho “white, bright,” suggesting a lit surface reflecting the sun.

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