Map. The country today known as Iraq was a region of the Ottoman Empire until the partition of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century. The Coalition Provisional Authority issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by De La Rue using modern anti-forgery techniques. The Arabic variant used in Iraq has been heavily influenced by Turkish, Aramaic, Persian, and Akkadian. "The more capable Iraq's security institutions, the more resilient Iraq will be in the face of its enemies". Law no. After the capture of Baghdad, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. The city has never regained its previous pre-eminence as a major centre of culture and influence. supposedly lived in a glorious Gardens of Eden and [250] More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the 2003 US-led invasion. © 2015 Ezilon.com Regional Maps. - Bahasa / Ilokano - Pagsasao / Ido - Linguo / Íslenska - Tungumál / The Iraqi Penal Code is the statutory law of Iraq.

Many Arabs, in fact, identify more strongly with their family or tribe (an extended, patrilineal group) than with national or confessional affiliations, a significant factor contributing to ongoing difficulties in maintaining a strong central government.

[272] Ancient Iraq, or Mesopotamia, was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the Turkish alphabet. A British-backed monarchy joining these vilayets into one Kingdom was established in 1921 under Faisal I of Iraq. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land. In late 2006, the US government's Iraq Study Group recommended that the US begin focusing on training Iraqi military personnel and in January 2007 US President George W. Bush announced a "Surge" in the number of US troops deployed to the country. [123], In response to rapid territorial gains made by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the first half of 2014, and its universally-condemned executions and reported human rights abuses, many states began to intervene against it in the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017). [114] In December 2012, Sunni Arabs protested against the government, whom they claimed marginalised them. Football is a considerable uniting factor in Iraq following years of war and unrest.
They were constructed chiefly of sun-dried bricks, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings, portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some interesting works connected with the drainage. During the 240s and 250's AD, the Sassanids gradually conquered the independent states, culminating with Assur in 256 AD. Italiano - Linguaggio Lingua / 日本語 - 言語 / Lojban - bangu / Basa Jawa - Basa [49], The mid-14th-century Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world.
[261] The little funding for education makes it more difficult to improve the quality and resources for education. [74] In the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War, the Ba'athist Iraqi regime led the Al-Anfal Campaign, a genocidal[75] campaign that targeted Iraqi Kurds,[76][77][78] and led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians. [246] Refugees are mired in poverty as they are generally barred from working in their host countries. [225] In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the Syriac script. [272] However, it was in the medieval era when Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith. From the 29th century BC, Akkadian Semitic names began to appear on king lists and administrative documents of various city states. Banyumasan - Basa / Malagasy - Fiteny / Македонски - Јазик / മലയാളം - ഭാഷ / भाषाविज्ञान / Hrvatski - Jezikoslovlje / Hornjoserbsce - Rěčespyt / Kreyòl War with ISIS, Kurdistan referendum, Attention! Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi. Beginning with the campaigns of Ashur-uballit I, Assyria destroyed the rival Hurrian-Mitanni Empire, annexed huge swathes of the Hittite Empire for itself, annexed northern Babylonia from the Kassites, forced the Egyptian Empire from the region, and defeated the Elamites, Phrygians, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Cilicians, Gutians, Dilmunites and Arameans. One of these small Amorite kingdoms founded in 1894 BC contained the then small administrative town of Babylon within its borders. From the earliest 16th century, in 1508, as with all territories of the former White Sheep Turkmen, Iraq fell into the hands of the Iranian Safavids.

Rollinger, Robert (2006). Physical Map of IraqPhysical map and map image of Iraq. Bahasa Indonesia - Linguistik / Interlingue - Linguistica / Ido - [260] However, it has now been “de-developing” in its educational success. [citation needed] Daoud and his brother Saleh formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.[269]. Български - Езикознание / Bamanankan - Kankalan / বাংলা - ভাষাবিজ্ঞান / Modern Standard Arabic—the benchmark of literacy—is taught in schools, and most Arabs and many non-Arabs, even those who lack schooling, are able to understand it. [125][126] The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Northern Iraq. The population of Iraq, estimated at 30 million in 800 AD, was only 5 million at the start of the 20th century. It was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Seljuk, Mongol, Timurid, Safavid, Afsharid and Ottoman empires.[10]. ", On Point: The United States Army In Operation Iraqi Freedom – Page 265, Gregory Fontenot – 2004, a protracted war which would last for almost eight years, parliamentary elections were held in 2005, coup d'état and overthrew the government of 'Abd al-Ilah, bombed an Iraqi nuclear materials testing reactor at Osirak, Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed, American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present), the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009, Protests and demonstrations started again on 1 October 2019, United States bombed five Kata'ib Hezbollah militia's positions in Iraq, Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad, rising tensions between the United States and Iran, launched a drone strike on a convoy traveling near Baghdad International Airport, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory, Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, there is a community of Iraqis of African, remaining Christian community from their homeland, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018", http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/454f50804.pdf, "Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America", "Deadly Iraq war ends with exit of last U.S. troops", "Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi", http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq", "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, HATRA Iraq", "The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Conclusion)", "Battuta's Travels: Part Three – Persia and Iraq", "Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad", "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)", "Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online", "Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah (1864–1937), diplomatist and colonial administrator", "In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen", https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/07/britainand911.usa, "Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas", "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds A Middle East Watch Report", "Charges against Saddam dropped as genocide trial resumes", "The Ameriya Shelter – St. Valentine's Day Massacre", Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency', "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? Most Sunni Arabs follow the Ḥanafī school of jurisprudence and most Kurds the Shāfiʿī school, although this distinction has lost the meaning that it had in earlier times. More than three-fourths of the people speak Arabic, the official language, which has several major dialects; these are generally mutually intelligible, but significant variations do exist within the country, which makes spoken parlance between some groups (and with Arabic-speaking groups in adjacent countries) difficult. Llengua / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ - Ngṳ̄-ngiòng / Нохчийн - Мотт / Cebuano - [89][90][91], Following the invasion, the United States established the Coalition Provisional Authority to govern Iraq. [117] In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) terrorist group seized control of large swathes of land including several major Iraqi cities, like Tikrit, Fallujah and Mosul creating hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons amid reports of atrocities by ISIL fighters. Although the numbers suggest a dramatic increase of enrollment rates for primary education in total, a large number of children still remain out of the education system. A project which expected to cost $600 million is ongoing in co-operation with market leaders such as Astrium and Arianespace. Bilingualism is fairly common, particularly among minorities who are conversant in Arabic. not be missed, as well as the Sumerian city of Ur, one [262] The resources for education become more strained and make it harder for children to go to school and finish receiving their education. The maqam al-Iraqi is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Government attacks were violent and ruthless and included the use of chemical weapons against Kurdish civilians; such incidents took place at the village of Ḥalabjah and elsewhere in 1988.

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