my father had dedicated his life for this and I would not like to throw it away. Both corrode heavily in a relatively low concentration of H2S and most intensely in locations usually having an elevated temperature while the equipment is energized. Actually there is no exact rule of current carrying capacity of aluminium wire and copper wire. Because compression clothing is a valid treatment for some ailments, the clothing may have that benefit, but the added copper may have no benefit beyond a placebo effect. Secondly, busbar applications are characterized by a large amount of conducting material and a small quantity of insulating material in a small space. To select the right material, the designer has to take several factors, such as weight, maximum size, transformer total cost, availability and cost of the material, into consideration. [9] At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For copper labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of May 27, 2016[update] it was revised to 0.9 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. This silver corrosion results in a high resistance producing more heat, which further stimulates tarnishing and growth of whiskers. The cuprous oxide is converted to blister copper upon heating: The Sudbury matte process converted only half the sulfide to oxide and then used this oxide to remove the rest of the sulfur as oxide. To select the right material, the designer has to take several factors, such as weight, maximum size, transformer total cost, availability and […] µr = the relative permeability of the material

AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 1.5 mg/day. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells corresponds to orange light. Could you please advise me to how can I get conductor properties for medium voltage cables from international standards. The way you elaborated the advantages & disadvantages of both conductors is really good and easy to understand. [30], The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4) and, to a lesser extent, covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu2S). It is used in applications requiring high strength to weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. Such losses occur due to closeness of wires, bends in wire, skin effect, and high frequency noise. ?Though Cu cable is much more costlier than Al Cable. we have to plan a water pipe line from a near by stop-dam to our farm lands. The role of copper, brass, and bronze in architecture and design; Copper roofing in detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch. Regarding this condition, to achieve the same safety margin, it is enough to slightly reduce the bending moment on the aluminium conductor by making the spacers closer together in a ratio of 0,935.

The history of copper use dates to 9000 BC in the Middle East;[67] a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. In a H2S environment metal filaments (whiskers) start to grow as soon as a thick enough layer of silver sulfide has been formed. [124] Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil, as well as being called for in the US,[125] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails were installed in some 30 stations between 2011 and 2014. As theft of copper cables is an issue the program want to use aluminum. However, the total weight of the marginally larger transformer with aluminium windings will be slightly lower. For aluminium average situation is 1.5 times amperes for 1 mm2 of aluminium. These are readily absorbed into the user's body following smoke inhalation. In distribution and small power transformers, aluminium–aluminium windings have been successful. Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring except overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred.

This represents is a significant advantage with aluminium windings relating to the life of the insulating materials. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates.

Joseph, Günter, 1999, Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status, edited by Kundig, Konrad J.A., ASM International, p.348, Energy‐efficiency policy opportunities for electric motor‐driven systems, International Energy Agency, 2011 Working Paper in the Energy Efficiency Series, by Paul Waide and Conrad U. Brunner, OECD/IEA 2011. [7] InfoMine: “Metal prices”, www.goo.gl/KzhOIO The electric current flows mainly at the “skin” of the conductor between the outer surface and a level called the skin depth or penetration depth. Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green verdigris (or patina).

[11] The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. This Melting Point difference reduces the possibility of failure in multiple strand Cu cables.

[35] In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate, the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. µ0 = the permeability of the free space Aluminium’s undisputed domain is that of overhead high-voltage cables, where space require ments are of no significance but where weight plays a critical role. But if all the costs (including operational costs) are taken into account, it usually turns out that aluminium can learn a thing or two from copper. [95][96] Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. [72] Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300 to 3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest an involvement in copper smelting. In this new cable, the phase conductors have the same cross-section as the neutral conductor, which helps to achieve a symmetrical cable structure. Manufacture of aluminium windings does not represent any difficult technological problem. Sutirtha please g through the second paragraph of this article written by Edvards which clearly mentions “For technical reasons, so-called ‘finely stranded’ and ‘extra finely stranded’ conductors are only available in copper”. RDAs. [174] The health implications are not clear.[175]. The mechanical properties of 2024 depend greatly on the temper of the material.[1]. Major losses that occur in aluminum and copper cables include: I*I*R electrical losses; Dielectric loss; Skin effect Copper proteins have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation, processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II). [70], Copper smelting was independently invented in different places. Differences in manu facturing costs pretty much cancel each other out and in the opinion of a number of well-respected manufacturing companies, the choice of conductor material is primarily a question of company philosophy.

Aluminum and copper conductors are typically plated with silver or tin. [136] In one trial for osteoarthritis and one trial for rheumatoid arthritis no differences is found between copper bracelet and control (non-copper) bracelet.

Copper and aluminium are the two conductors used in transformer windings. Since the volume of aluminium is approximately 1.8 times the volume of copper, it follows that the surface of aluminium is around 1,3 times that of copper. The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. This highlights the differences in material prices. Tell us what you're thinking... we care about your opinion! In any comparison with a conventional transformer using copper windings, two questions arise: These questions are interconnected with the transformer design, where four main characteristics must be considered to ensure a reliable and cost effective product: The following comments are based on a comparison of the main physical properties of the aluminium and copper, as summarised in Table 2. Now a days Transformers manufacturers using aluminium foil -LV side & Copper strip in – HV Side side. Recently, a combination Cu-Al cable has appeared as a compromise solution and is being used at the Dietlikon power utility in Switzerland as an underground cable in low-voltage distribution networks. It has medium fatigue strength. Due to its high strength and fatigue resistance, 2024 is widely used in aircraft, especially wing and fuselage structures under tension. The basic techniques used for joints are bolting, crimping and arc welding under inert gas with or without refractory electrodes (TIG and MIG methods). [149], Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. It is used in applications requiring high strength to weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. As a result of this difference in the material properties, eddy loss in aluminium windings is 38% lower than in copper windings with the same volume of conductor as shown in Table 3. Do you really need 2.5 sq mm copper cable for this ?? Metal Density - ρ - (kg/m3) Aluminum: 2712: Copper: 8940 [93] A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. So current flowing at surface of conductor has greater density than current flowing through the internal core. [18] Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized; 68mCu is the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples.

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