Do all amps need need a little gain to be able to output sound? What is the advantage of a cesium atomic clock over a hydrogen maser as a frequency standard? It was discovered spectroscopically in 1860 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in mineral water from Durkheim. According to quantum theory, atoms can only exist in certain discrete ("quantized") energy states depending on what orbits about their nuclei are occupied by their electrons.

Mass: two "stable" isotopes, 85 and 87 amu (rubidium-87 is technically radioactive, but it's half-life is 48 billion years, so it might as well be stable for atomic physics purposes. Why haven't we changed to one of those standards?

Cesium is the best choice of atom for such a measurement because all of its 55 electrons but the outermost are confined to orbits in stable shells of electromagnetic force.

I mean, they talk about how atomic clocks work in very vague terms (I explained atomic clocks last August, in more detail), but the only thing they have on the "why cesium?" But this limits the size of the signal they can get, which also limits the uncertainty of cesium clocks.

I put a plug in for the inertia aspect of the atomic clock standard.

I've been absolutely getting crushed between work and the book-in-progress and getting Charlie the…, It's been a couple of years since we lost the Queen of Niskayuna, and we've held off getting a dog until now because we were planning a big home renovation-- adding on to the mud room, creating a new bedroom on the second floor, and gutting and replacing the kitchen. Did computer games for Commodore 64 really take "25 minutes" to load "if everything went alright"? All other things being equal, you get a better clock by using a higher reference frequency. By sticking with an OK clock (such as cesium), we are going to do well for a number of years. Clearing stuff up for the next big stage of the…, As you travel the inter-tubes in search of learned discourse, understanding and information to prepare you for the coming climate cataclysms, you will see many curious creatures, some common, some rare, who are here for the sole purpose of deterring, deceiving and confusing you. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. There are a huge number of cesium clocks in service, and they're a well-proven and well-tested technology. Contributions are fully tax-deductible. But for all intents and purposes, optical clocks, trapped ion clocks (such as mercury or even better the hybrid aluminum/beryllium entangled clock) and other new technologies are just not needed yet, except for some very high precision tests of fundamental physics.

Part 1. I don't know that there was ever a really official announcement of this, but the bloggers got email a while back letting us know that the site will be closing down.

MathJax reference. Cesium, known as Caesium outside the USA, is characterised by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue (accounting for its name: from the Latin "caesius" = sky blue). Thus, the outermost electron is not disturbed much by the others. Why is a frequency from the emission spectrum of cesium used as the standard in defining a second? The Waw an Namu volcano in S. Libya, A 20K peak in the Himalayas, deserts encroaching on farms in China,…, Element: Cesium (Cs) All rights reserved. Information about the device's operating system, Information about other identifiers assigned to the device, The IP address from which the device accesses a client's website or mobile application, Information about the user's activity on that device, including web pages and mobile apps visited or used, Information about the geographic location of the device when it accesses a website or mobile application. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. In particular, it has a huge collisional cross section for the states of interest, which means that they need to run cesium clocks at low density in order to avoid a frequency shift due to atoms bumping into one another. Chemical…, Somebody asked a question at the Physics Stack Exchange site about the speed of light and the definition of the meter that touches on an issue I think is interesting enough to expand on a little here. The outermost electron is not disturbed much by the others, so how it reacts to microwaves can be accurately determined. It only takes a minute to sign up. What do you call peaces of cardboard with political slogans on them? Why it's news that SOFIA found water when it's already been found? thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=12732.0, physics.stackexchange.com/questions/191871/….

All the electrons but the outermost one are confined to orbits in stable shells. Privacy statement. So why do atomic clocks only use caesium? Atomic Number: 37 The questioner notes that the speed of light is defined to be 299,792,458 m/s and the meter is…, I was looking at some polling about science over the weekend, and discovered that they helpfully provide an online quiz consisting of the factual questions asked of the general public as part of the survey. There is a reason to prefer cesium to the other alkalis, though: it has the largest hyperfine splitting of any of them.

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