Conflicts arise regarding religion in Tianjin. Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), a Taiwanese history professor, proposes an alternative view: that the Guangxu Emperor might have been led into a trap by the reformists led by Kang Youwei, who in turn was in Lei's opinion tricked by British missionary Timothy Richard and former Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi into agreeing to appoint Itō as one of many foreign advisors. Ages of historical figures are given as traditionally calculated by the Chinese lunar calendar. By some it is believed that he incurred her displeasure by choosing as his wife Empress Hsiao-chê (孝哲毅皇后, 1854-1875), the daughter of Ch'ung-ch'i [q.v. Upon the Tongzhi Emperor’s coming of age to manage state affairs, Empresses Dowager Cian and Cixi advise the emperor to respectfully continue in the imperial family's established practices, scrupulously appoint qualified officials for state administration, and not squander his studies. [18], The Guangxu Emperor's duties after 1898 became rather limited. 7th Month:

Ironically, foreign aggressors stood neutral from China’s domestic chaos, for they had benefited significantly from the treaties signed since the first Opium War as well as the Qing government’s diplomatic policy of appeasement. In November 1874 the Emperor became infected with smallpox and was obliged to let Li Hung-tsao write all edicts for him. Empress Dowager Cixi-Wikipedia. On November 11, 1861 Tsai-ch'un, then six sui, ascended the throne, but for some twelve years thereafter the two Empresses and I-hsin ruled in his stead. Lady Niuhuru wanted to designate lady Alute but Yehenara bore a grudge because Alute was the granddaughter of Prince Zheng, one of the eight regent ministers she had had murdered during the Xinyou coup of 1860. Japanese troops invade Taiwan. Kuiyou Year (approx. Many stories arose, however, as to the immediate cause of his last illness, following as it did closely upon the celebration of his return to health. The regents had earlier chosen the characters, Ch'i-hsiang 祺祥 as his reign-title but on the day he ascended the throne, by decree of the Dowager Empresses, the reign-title was altered to T'ung-chih. She was given the posthumous title Xiaozhe, and was interred in 1879 in Huiling in the Eastern Qing Tomb Complex, Hebei province. Ever since his accession to the throne, the five-year-old Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1862-1874) had been under the control of the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci’an who managed politics from behind the screen. Yixuan, the Prince of Chun, is granted a hereditary title and allowed to participate in the court assembly without formally saluting the emperor. 8th Month 401-406; Chin-liang (see under Wêng T'ung-ho), 清帝后外紀 Ch'ing ti hou wai-chi; Ch'ing-pai lei-ch'ao (see bibl. Some Jurchen and Manchu figures are more commonly known by their Chinese names; in those cases, the Chinese name is used. The cousin chosen was Tsai-t'ien [q.v. Son of Xianfeng Emperor of Qing China 清咸豐帝 and Empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧太后 [10] But it was only a partial victory, as he had to approve higher expenditures than he would have liked to meet Cixi's needs.

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