However, because of Catherine’s support of Karl Friedrich, Russia found herself opposed to England and King George I found that the Schleswig-Holstein question might be reopened to the detriment of his Hanoverian possessions. The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret. Knowing Peter’s preferences she enjoyed instigating conversations on his favorite topics – ships and victorious battles.

The Romanov Dynasty (1613 to 1917) was the last imperial dynasty to rule Russia. However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue. Catherine II, known as Catherine the Great, was a Prussian princess who became the queen consort of Russia through her marriage to Peter III.She then orchestrated a coup to overthrow her husband and became the Empress of the Russian Empire in July 1762.Catherine was Czarina for a period of 34 years till her death in November 1796, making her the longest-ruling female leader in the history …

[8] For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers. Recognized worldwide as a noteworthy historical figure, Catherine the Great made such progress in political power that it is hard to find similar examples in world history. Mons was beheaded on 16 November 1724 and his sister was exiled. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance. Peter had moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703.

The third film. [citation needed] In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter.

He enjoyed sharing political news and his thoughts with her. However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.

Peter bestowed on Catherine all possible gifts. True power in fact resided in the hands of Count Menshikov, who had been instrumental in Catherine’s ascension to the throne. Some sources state that Marta worked in the laundry of the victorious regiment and that she was presented to Brigadier General Adolf Rudolf Bauer to be his mistress.

She presided over a revitalisation of Russian strength, an expansion of Russian territories, greater integration of Russia within Europe and partial liberalisation of Russian society. Catherine was very energetic and compassionate; she would always gladly join Peter at numerous feasts and at the same time she had a positive influence on him always knowing when to stop. Among people deceased in 1727, Catherine I of Russia ranks 1. After her are Clara Zetkin, Martin Bormann, Khafra, Scipio Africanus, Beatrix of the Netherlands, and James VI and I.

In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting to Catherine, Matryona Balk. When Peter deliberately took her out for a walk and passed by the site of the execution where Catherine saw the head of her lover, she maintained her composure, looked down and said simply: “It’s a shame chamberlains have so many vices.” Although rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, there was no evidence to support this claim and if she did have other liaisons, she never again gave herself away. At the beginning, Catherine attempted to follow Peter’s policies, but very soon his reformist spirit was almost totally abandoned. Baltaji allowed the retreat, but whether he was motivated by the bribe or by considerations of trade and diplomacy remains unknown. After her are Jean-Antoine Watteau, Ludvig Holberg, Maria Barbara Bach, Tokugawa Yoshimune, Francesco Durante, Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, Johann Gottfried Walther, Jean Astruc, Matthias Bel, Francesco Manfredini, and Edward Vernon. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and often was called in to do so. All rights reserved. She showed such sincere compassion and interest in Peter’s activities and needs that Peter always considered her good and clever company. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife of Peter the Great and Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727. After conquering Estonia in 1711, Peter began planning Kadriorg Park in Tallinn and a palace at its center as a gift to Catherine - hence the name of the park, Kadriorg, which in Estonian means “Catherine’s Valley.”. Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over. Catherine’s rule went down in history as a period free from any major military conflicts. 5 April),[1] she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy and with other members of the Supreme Privy Council. Catherine’s constant study was how to please her dearest husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matrena had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Empress Regnant Of Russia From 1741 To 1762, Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna Of Russia, Page views of Catherine I of Russias by language, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (1778), Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Peter feared breaking the traditions of his ancestors but he credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or simply a domestic servant, but she was used as human currency at the Russian court – Sheremetev handed her over to Count Aleksandr Menshikov a close adviser to Peter I. [8] Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure. The role of the Senate lost its importance and all state affairs were supervised by Catherine’s advisers who also took all the core decisions. Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. [citation needed] She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.[3]. What was her secret? Illiterate and uneducated she shared her husband’s joys and sorrows. She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich.

William Mons and his sister had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter.

Catherine showed no signs of remorse or even disappointment when she learned her alleged lover was dead, on the contrary she was in high spirits on this day. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. Among politicians born in Estonia, Catherine I of Russia ranks 1. She was able to calm Peter during his frequent rages. All rights reserved. From household servant to Emperor’s mistress. She named six of Peter's former advisors as its members and effectively transferred control of government affairs to the new body, thereby undermining the authority of the Senate and the Synod, which had been Peter's main administrative instruments.

Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. Whether the two of them were lovers is highly arguable, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. When her father died of plague, her mother moved to Livonia (now the territory of Latvia and Estonia) where she also soon died prematurely from the same illness, leaving behind four children.

During the Romanov reign Russia became and remained a major European power. Being unfaithful to Peter she in turn generously forgave him his love affairs. She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning "Catherine's Valley"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia. At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks,[7] was easily the largest in Europe.

Unlike other imperial persons she had a small cozy bedroom, instead of spacious royal chambers. All his life Peter had led a bitter struggle against corruption in the country. Marta was born in Ringen, in present-day Estonia, into the family of a Lithuanian peasant of Polish origin named Samuel who was a Roman Catholic. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President. Her biography is available in 67 different languages on Wikipedia making her the 253rd most popular politician. Peter was already seriously ill when he drew up his will, naming Catherine his successor and the sovereign of the Russian Empire. Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both.

Her second name, Skowronska, derives from the Polish word for lark. Catherine Palace (also called Tsarskoye Selo or the Tsar's Village) is located in the small town of Pushkin, about 17 miles south of St. Petersburg, Russia.The palace's ornate, baroque design is breathtaking, and its 740 -meter (2427 feet) length is massive. © Autonomous Nonprofit Organization “TV-Novosti”, 2005–2020. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. She knew that since childhood Peter suffered from a subconscious fear of sleeping in big rooms – mainly because of several murder attempts he confronted. He expressed his affection to Catherine not only in the form of generous gifts. She easily granted money to the poor, became the godmother to the children of peasants and gave generously to widowed brides. There are no documents that confirm her origins. There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great.

Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matrena exiled. Her natural intelligence and tact had a significant moral influence on him. In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712. In 1730, Anna, Peter the Great's niece, reigned as empress of Russia until her death in 1740.She was succeeded by Ivan IV, but the infant was overthrown less than a year later by Catherine's daughter Elizabeth, who became empress of Russia, ruling until until her death in 1762. On 19 February Catherine and Peter legitimized their two daughters, Anna, born in 1708 and Elizaveta, born in 1709. Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Her candidacy was also supported by several powerful and important individuals who saw Catherine as their guarantee to maintaining their power. Even at the time of Peter’s bitter struggle with Carl XII of Sweden during the Great Northern War, when Peter’s life was in danger and the Russian army was defeated he still thought about his Katerinushka and ordered that she and their daughter be given a huge sum of money. Marta was an attractive young girl and at 17 she married a Swedish dragoon named Johan Cruse, with whom she had spent eight days in 1702 before the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. Peter had moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. Her parents were rumored to be runaway serfs and her father was allegedly a gravedigger.

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