[30] Sulfated batteries should be charged slowly to prevent damage. Some do not list either. The code is year and week number (YYWW), e.g. By changing the alloying element to calcium, more recent designs have reduced the rate of water loss. Hot cranking amperes (HCA) is the amount of current a battery can provide at 80 °F (27 °C). In South Africa the code on a battery to indicate production date is part of the casing and cast into the bottom left of the cover. The sludge largely consists of lead sulfate, which is produced at both electrodes. Unfortunately, auto companies often do not list range and/or efficiency for their BEVs.
[24][25] Also low temperatures can lead to battery failure. For batteries that power electric vehicles, see, rechargeable battery for starting a car engine, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Automotive Charging Systems - A Short Course on How They Work", "How to Avoid Battery Explosions (Yes, They Really Happen)", "Why is there a 12 volt lead-acid battery, and how is it charged in an electric car? (See the map.) Marine cranking amperes (MCA): like CA, the amount of current a battery can provide at 32 °F (0 °C), and often found on batteries for boats (hence "marine") and lawn garden tractors which are less likely to be operated in conditions where ice can form. For this reason, automotive batteries are designed to deliver maximum current for a short period of time.

Usually, the CA rating will be higher than the CCA rating. Union of Concerned Scientists have calculated the “Wells-to-Wheels (WtW)” carbon emissions of average gasoline cars and average BEVs in the U.S.. To complicate matters the European Union, Japan and India have defined another Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), which value lies between the NEDC and the EPA value. Once a lead–acid battery ceases to hold a charge, it is deemed a used lead-acid battery (ULAB), which is classified as hazardous waste under the Basel Convention. Some do not list either. A Car Battery Is the World's Most Recycled Product", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_battery&oldid=982608470, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cold cranking amperes (CCA): the amount of current a battery can provide at 0 °F (−18 °C). The average cost of electricity for the last several years has been about $0.12 (vertical line). A battery's ability to sustain a minimum stated electrical load; it is defined as the time (in minutes) that a lead-acid battery at 80 °F (27 °C) will continuously deliver 25 amperes before its voltage drops below 10.5 volts. Sulfation can happen when battery is not fully charged and remains discharged. Pure Earth estimates that over 12 million third world people are affected by lead contamination from ULAB processing. The average cost per gallon for the last several years I estimate at $2.50 (vertical line).

The following graph shows how range (miles) varies with battery capacity (kWh) for seven values of miles/kWh: Range can be calculated as Range(miles = Battery-Capacity(kWh)*Miles/kWh. Some battery manufacturers include a built-in hydrometer to show the state of charge of the battery. This allows the electrolyte and ions to pass through but keeps the sludge build up from bridging the plates. So the range numbers in the following graph for range vs battery-capacity for several BEVs may not all be EPA values: *Note that BEV efficiency (range) varies widely for high battery capacity. About 97 percent of the lead can be recovered.

SLI batteries are not designed for deep discharging, and a full discharge can reduce the battery's lifespan. This page was last edited on 9 October 2020, at 06:10. Grid corrosion rates increase with temperature. [31], SLI batteries are not designed for deep discharge, and their life is reduced when subjected to this.[32].

The value of MPGe (MPG-equivalent) is useful to compare the efficiency of a BEV to a gasoline car’s MPG. The dashed line (27.4 MPG) is for the average gasoline car in the U.S. for 2016.

They are sometimes referred to as "SLI batteries" for this reason, for starting, lighting, and ignition. Modern car batteries have reduced maintenance requirements, and may not provide caps for addition of water to the cells. It identifies how many minutes the battery can deliver a constant current of 25 amps at 80°F without falling below the minimum voltage, 1.75 volts per cell, needed to keep your vehicle running. 1336 is for week 36 in the year 2013. As part of global waste trade ULABs are shipped from industrialized countries to developing countries for disassembly and recuperation of the contents. Car batteries using lead-antimony plates require regular topping-up with pure water to replace water lost due to electrolysis and evaporation. In the U.S. alone, about 100 million auto batteries a year are replaced, and 99 percent of them are turned in for recycling. The primary wear-out mechanism is the shedding of active material from the battery plates, which accumulates at the bottom of the cells and which may eventually short-circuit the plates.

Union of Concerned Scientists has calculated the 2016 equivalent MPG for a gasoline car to equal the driving carbon emissions of a typical BEV in various regions of the U.S. In the United States there are codes on batteries to help consumers buy a recently produced one. http://www.roperld.com/Science/My5BEVs.pdf, http://www.roperld.com/Science/TM3LR_SCChargingCurves.pdf, L. David Roper, ROPERLD@VT.EDU, http://www.roperld.com/personal/roperldavid.htm 4 January 2019, EV Education, EV adoption, battery capacity, EV efficiency, EV education, Tesla's Incredible Efficiency Leaves Other EVs Stranded, How The EPA Rates Electric Cars: Range, Efficiency & More, Electric Cars Battery Capacity and Efficiency: In-Depth Analysis, Graphs, https://insideevs.com/features/341926/electric-cars-battery-capacity-and-efficiency-in-depth-analysis-graphs/, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), 2021 Rivian R1T Electric Pickup Truck: First Drive Wows In A Big Way, Watch Tesla Model X Race Modded Audi RSQ8 After Audi Destroys Lambo Urus, Watch Lordstown Endurance Electric Pickup Take On Ford F-150 In Tug Of War, Exclusive Behind-The-Scenes Look Into Amazing Tesla Cybertruck Clone, Tesla Model Y: Likes And Dislikes After Four Months, 6,000 Miles. Modern cars with computer controlled. Reserve Capacity (RC) RC is a general indicator of how long a new, fully charged battery can continue to operate essential accessories if the vehicle’s alternator fails. When batteries are stored, they start losing their charge; this is due to non-current-producing chemical reactions of the electrodes with the battery acid. The NEDC range value for a specific BEV is always considerably larger than the EPA range, which means that the miles/kWh is always larger.

[33] However the recycling may be done incorrectly in unregulated environments. The average (dashed line) crosses the vertical line at about $0.035/mile. A battery made in October 2015 will have a numeric code of 10-5 or an alphanumeric code of K-5. The 12-volt car battery is the most recycled product in the world, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Battery recycling of automotive batteries reduces the need for resources required for the manufacture of new batteries, diverts toxic lead from landfills, and prevents the risk of improper disposal.

• Range in miles, which is a function of battery capacity and efficiency. The sales-weighted average for the U.S. is 80 MPG, which will increase if electric-power sources become more emissions free. [28][29], Sulfation is when the electrodes become coated with a hard layer of lead sulfate, which weakens the battery.
", "BCI Battery Service Manual 14th Edition - Download - Battery Council International", "Is revving the engine a good idea during a jump-start? [citation needed], Battery Council International (BCI) group size specifies a battery's physical dimensions, such as length, width, and height. Negative Ground - Will charger work on positive ground vehicles? Range can be calculated as Range (miles = Battery-Capacity (kWh)*Miles/kWh. Unfortunately, auto companies often do not list range and/or efficiency for their BEVs. Cranking amperes (CA): the amount of current a battery can provide at 32 °F (0 °C).

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